BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2#

BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2#

GERUND AND TO INFINITIVE

Nama                    : ANDREE MAULANA YUSUF (10213939)

                                  HASFHI ADLI PUTRA (13213972)

                                  PIETER TULUS (16213859)

          RICKY WIDIANTO (17213611)

          STANISLAUS YOSEPH TOWA KI (18213634)

   

Kelas                     : 4 EA 29

FAKULTAS EKONOMI

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2017

Gold jewelry maker asks government for FTA with UAE

Stefani Ribka

The Jakarta Post

Surabaya | Mon, February 27, 2017 | 02:42 pm

Major gold jewelry producer PT Usaha Bersama Sejahtera (UBS) has asked the government to establish a free trade agreement (FTA) with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to lower the country’s import tax for Indonesian jewelry.

UAE increased its jewelry import tax to 5 percent on Jan. 1 this year from 0.03 percent previously, amid a plunging oil price, according to UBS.

UBS president director Eddy Susanto Yahya said some countries already had an FTA with UAE to exempt them from the surging tax and Indonesia needed to follow suit.

"Singapore enjoys 0 percent tax through the GSFTA (Gulf Cooperation Council-Singapore FTA). I heard Malaysia and Turkey are trying to have it too," he said during Industry Minister Airlangga Hartarto’s visit to the company’s Surabaya headquarters on Monday.

"So if Indonesia can also have an FTA (with UAE), it will help the industry very much," he added.

UBS’ request has been acknowledged by the Indonesia Goldsmith and Jewelers Association (APEPI).

Jewelry has traditionally been one of Indonesia's biggest export commodities.

Last year, the commodity was the fourth-biggest export category at US$6.36 billion, a 4.58 percent increase year-on-year.

The biggest buyers in 2016 were Switzerland, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong. (bbn).

1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

·                     I heard Malaysia and Turkey are trying to have it too. complement of sentence

·                     amid a plunging oil price. object of sentence

2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

·                     to establish a free trade agreement (FTA) with the United Arab Emirates (UAE). subject of sentence

·                     The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence

·                     He wants to learn. object of sentence

Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

·                     I decided not to go.

·                     The most important thing is not to give up.

3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.

Examples:

·                     Learning is important. normal subject

·                     To learn is important. abstract subject - less common

·                     The most important thing is learning. normal complement

·                     The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common

4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations, gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.

Examples:

·                     He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy" requires a gerund.

·                     He wants to swim. "Want" requires an infinitive.

5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects. 

Examples:

·                     She suggested going to a movie.

·                     Mary keeps talking about her problems.

6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives.

Examples:

·                     She wants to go to a movie.

·                     Mary needs to talk about her problems.

7. Gerunds can often be modified with possessive forms such as his, her, its, your, their, our, John's, Mary's, the machine's, and so on. This makes it clearer who or what is performing the action.

Examples:

·                     I enjoyed their singing. They were singing.

·                     She understood his saying no to the offer. He said no.

·                     Sam resented Debbie's coming late to the dinner. Debbie came late to the dinner.

·                     We discussed the machine's being broken. The machine is broken.

8. Some verbs are followed by a noun plus an infinitive. In some situations, the noun is required. In other situations, the noun is optional. 

Examples:

·                     The police ordered the man to stop. noun is required

·                     She asked to leave. noun is optional

·                     She asked him to leave. noun is optional

9. Some verbs are usually followed by a gerund, BUT they can also be followed by a noun plus infinitive. Using a noun plus infinitive will usually change who is performing the action.  Examples:

·                     I advised taking the train. in general

·                     I advised him to take the train. He will take the train.

10. There are many "go + gerund" expressions used for adventure sports and individual recreational activities. 

Examples:

·                     I go swimming every weekend.

·                     Would you ever go skydiving?

11. Gerunds are used after prepositions. Most commonly, these are "verb + preposition" combinations. For reference, see the Verb + Preposition Dictionary and the Phrasal Verb Dictionary. You don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions!

Examples:

·                     They admitted to committing the crime.

·                     Leslie made up for forgetting my birthday.

·                     He is thinking about studying abroad.

12. Remember that there are many "adjective + preposition" combinations and "noun + preposition" combinations in English as well. These are also followed by gerunds. Once again, you don't have to memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions!

Examples:

·                     Sandy is scared of flying. adjective + preposition

·                     Nick is anxious about taking the examination. adjective + preposition

·                     His interest in becoming a professional snowboarder was well known. noun + preposition

·                     Thomas' story about seeing a grizzly bear was really exciting. noun + preposition

13. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive, but with a difference in meaning. 

Examples:

·                     Nancy remembered getting married. Nancy has a memory of getting married.

·                     Fred remembered to bring sunblock to the beach. Fred remembered that he needed to bring sunblock.

14. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive with little difference in meaning. 

Examples:

·                     She likes swimming.

·                     She likes to swim.

Although the difference in meaning is small with these particular verbs, and gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably, there is still a meaning difference. Using a gerund suggests that you are referring to real activities or experiences. Using an infinitive suggests that you are talking about potential or possible activities or experiences. Because of this small difference in meaning, gerunds and infinitives cannot always be used interchangeably, such as in the examples below.

Examples:

·                     The British reporter likes living in New York. He lives in New York and he likes what he experiences there.

·                     The British reporter likes to live in New York whenever he works in the United States. He likes the option or possibility of living in New York when he works in the United States.

·                     I like speaking French because it's such a beautiful language. I like the experience of speaking French, and the way it makes me feel when I speak the language.

·                     I like to speak French when I'm in France. I prefer the option of speaking French when I am in France.

15. There are many "be + adjective" combinations that are commonly followed by infinitives. 

Examples:

·                     They were anxious to begin.

·                     She was delighted to receive such good feedback.

·                     He is lucky to have such good friends.

16. There are also many nouns that are commonly followed by infinitives. 

Examples:

·                     It was a good decision to move to San Francisco.

·                     His wish to become an actor was well known.

·                     Laura's desire to improve impressed me.

17. Sometimes infinitives are used to express the idea of "in order to do something."

Examples:

·                     He bought the English dictionary to look up difficult words. in order to look up

·                     Janine sold her car to get the money that she needed. in order to get

·                     Juan uses Englishpage.com to learn English. in order to learn

This idea of "in order to do something" is found in many English patterns.

too + adjective/adverb + infinitive

Examples:

·                     The box is too heavy to carry.

·                     The television is too expensive to buy.

·                     Fiona ran too slowly to win the race.

·                     We arrived too late to see the beginning of the movie.

adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive

Examples:

·                     She is tall enough to reach the book on the shelf.

·                     Brian was smart enough to enter college at the age of 12.

·                     Linda runs quickly enough to win the race.

enough + noun(s) + infinitive

Examples:

·                     He has enough money to buy his own car.

·                     Cheryl owns enough books to start her own library!

·                     Diane needs enough time to finish writing her book.

18. Certain expressions are followed by "ING" forms. 

Examples:

·                     He had fun fishing.

·                     They had difficulty finding a parking place.

·                     She spent her time practicing the piano.

19. Verbs which indicate location can often be followed by "ING" forms. This pattern is VERB OF LOCATION + LOCATION + VERB+ING. 

Examples:

·                     Sarah stood at the corner waiting for Tom.

·                     Melissa lay in bed thinking about her future.

·                     Don clung to the side of the cliff looking down.

20. In addition to simple gerund and infinitive forms, there are progressive gerund and infinitive forms, passive gerund and infinitive forms and perfect gerund and infinitive forms as well as combinations of these forms. Progressive forms are used to emphasize that an action is taking place now. Passive forms are used to emphasize that the subject of the sentence is being acted upon. Perfect gerund and infinitive forms are used to emphasize completion in both the past and the future. Study the examples below to help understand these concepts. To learn more about progressiveness, the passive voice and the perfect aspect.