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BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2#
BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS
2#
GERUND AND TO
INFINITIVE
Nama
: ANDREE MAULANA YUSUF (10213939)
HASFHI ADLI PUTRA (13213972)
PIETER TULUS (16213859)
RICKY
WIDIANTO (17213611)
STANISLAUS YOSEPH TOWA KI (18213634)
Kelas
: 4 EA 29
FAKULTAS EKONOMI
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2017
Gold jewelry maker asks government for FTA with UAE
Stefani Ribka
The Jakarta Post
Surabaya | Mon, February 27, 2017 | 02:42 pm
Major gold jewelry producer PT Usaha Bersama Sejahtera (UBS) has asked the
government to establish a free trade agreement (FTA)
with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to lower the country’s import
tax for Indonesian jewelry.
UAE increased its jewelry import tax to 5 percent on Jan. 1 this year from
0.03 percent previously, amid a plunging oil price,
according to UBS.
UBS president director Eddy Susanto Yahya said some countries already had
an FTA with UAE to exempt them from the surging tax and
Indonesia needed to follow suit.
"Singapore enjoys 0 percent tax through the GSFTA (Gulf Cooperation
Council-Singapore FTA). I heard Malaysia and Turkey are trying to
have it too," he said during Industry Minister Airlangga Hartarto’s visit
to the company’s Surabaya headquarters on Monday.
"So if Indonesia can also have an FTA (with UAE), it will help the
industry very much," he added.
UBS’ request has been acknowledged by the Indonesia Goldsmith and Jewelers
Association (APEPI).
Jewelry has traditionally been one of Indonesia's biggest export
commodities.
Last year, the commodity was the fourth-biggest export category at US$6.36
billion, a 4.58 percent increase year-on-year.
The biggest buyers in 2016 were Switzerland, Japan, Singapore and Hong
Kong. (bbn).
1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
·
I heard Malaysia and Turkey are trying to have it
too. complement of sentence
·
amid a plunging oil price. object of
sentence
2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form
of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as
the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
·
to establish a free trade agreement (FTA) with
the United Arab Emirates (UAE). subject of sentence
·
The most important thing is to learn. complement of
sentence
·
He wants to learn. object of sentence
Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:
·
I decided not to go.
·
The most important thing is not to give up.
3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the
complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually
sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more
abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be
more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or
potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing,
just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or
complement of a sentence.
Examples:
·
Learning is important. normal
subject
·
To learn is important. abstract
subject - less common
·
The most important thing is learning. normal complement
·
The most important thing is to learn. abstract
complement - less common
4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a
gerund or an infinitive. In such situations, gerunds and infinitives are not
normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines
whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.
Examples:
·
He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy"
requires a gerund.
·
He wants to swim. "Want" requires
an infinitive.
5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects.
Examples:
·
She suggested going to a movie.
·
Mary keeps talking about her problems.
6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives.
Examples:
·
She wants to go to a movie.
·
Mary needs to talk about her problems.
7. Gerunds can often be modified with possessive forms such as his, her,
its, your, their, our, John's, Mary's, the machine's, and so on. This makes it
clearer who or what is performing the action.
Examples:
·
I enjoyed their singing. They were singing.
·
She understood his saying no to the
offer. He said no.
·
Sam resented Debbie's coming late to the
dinner. Debbie came late to the dinner.
·
We discussed the machine's being broken. The
machine is broken.
8. Some verbs are followed by a noun plus an infinitive. In some
situations, the noun is required. In other situations, the noun is
optional.
Examples:
·
The police ordered the man to stop. noun
is required
·
She asked to leave. noun is optional
·
She asked him to leave. noun is
optional
9. Some verbs are usually followed by a gerund, BUT they can also be
followed by a noun plus infinitive. Using a noun plus infinitive will usually
change who is performing the action. Examples:
·
I advised taking the train. in general
·
I advised him to take the
train. He will take the train.
10. There are many "go + gerund" expressions used for adventure
sports and individual recreational activities.
Examples:
·
I go swimming every weekend.
·
Would you ever go skydiving?
11. Gerunds are used after prepositions. Most commonly, these are
"verb + preposition" combinations. For reference, see the Verb +
Preposition Dictionary and the Phrasal Verb
Dictionary. You don't have to memorize these resources, you just
need to remember that gerunds are used after prepositions!
Examples:
·
They admitted to committing the crime.
·
Leslie made up for forgetting my birthday.
·
He is thinking about studying abroad.
12. Remember that there are many "adjective + preposition"
combinations and "noun + preposition" combinations in English as
well. These are also followed by gerunds. Once again, you don't have to
memorize these resources, you just need to remember that gerunds are used after
prepositions!
Examples:
·
Sandy is scared of flying. adjective +
preposition
·
Nick is anxious about taking the
examination. adjective + preposition
·
His interest in becoming a professional
snowboarder was well known. noun + preposition
·
Thomas' story about seeing a grizzly bear was
really exciting. noun + preposition
13. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive, but with a
difference in meaning.
Examples:
·
Nancy remembered getting married. Nancy
has a memory of getting married.
·
Fred remembered to bring sunblock to the
beach. Fred remembered that he needed to bring sunblock.
14. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive with little
difference in meaning.
Examples:
·
She likes swimming.
·
She likes to swim.
Although the difference in meaning is small with these particular verbs,
and gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably, there is still a
meaning difference. Using a gerund suggests that you are referring to real
activities or experiences. Using an infinitive suggests that you are talking
about potential or possible activities or experiences. Because of this small
difference in meaning, gerunds and infinitives cannot always be used
interchangeably, such as in the examples below.
Examples:
·
The British reporter likes living in New
York. He lives in New York and he likes what he experiences there.
·
The British reporter likes to live in New York
whenever he works in the United States. He likes the option or
possibility of living in New York when he works in the United States.
·
I like speaking French because it's such a beautiful
language. I like the experience of speaking French, and the way it
makes me feel when I speak the language.
·
I like to speak French when I'm in France. I
prefer the option of speaking French when I am in France.
15. There are many "be + adjective" combinations that are
commonly followed by infinitives.
Examples:
·
They were anxious to begin.
·
She was delighted to receive such good
feedback.
·
He is lucky to have such good friends.
16. There are also many nouns that are commonly followed by
infinitives.
Examples:
·
It was a good decision to move to San
Francisco.
·
His wish to become an actor was well known.
·
Laura's desire to improve impressed me.
17. Sometimes infinitives are used to express the idea of "in order to
do something."
Examples:
·
He bought the English dictionary to look up difficult
words. in order to look up
·
Janine sold her car to get the money that she
needed. in order to get
·
Juan uses Englishpage.com to learn English. in
order to learn
This idea of "in order to do something" is found in many English
patterns.
too + adjective/adverb + infinitive
Examples:
·
The box is too heavy to carry.
·
The television is too expensive to buy.
·
Fiona ran too slowly to win the
race.
·
We arrived too late to see the
beginning of the movie.
adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive
Examples:
·
She is tall enough to reach the
book on the shelf.
·
Brian was smart enough to enter college
at the age of 12.
·
Linda runs quickly enough to win the
race.
enough + noun(s) + infinitive
Examples:
·
He has enough money to buy his own
car.
·
Cheryl owns enough books to start her
own library!
·
Diane needs enough time to finish writing
her book.
18. Certain expressions are followed by "ING" forms.
Examples:
·
He had fun fishing.
·
They had difficulty finding a parking place.
·
She spent her time practicing the piano.
19. Verbs which indicate location can often be followed by "ING"
forms. This pattern is VERB OF LOCATION + LOCATION + VERB+ING.
Examples:
·
Sarah stood at the corner waiting for
Tom.
·
Melissa lay in bed thinking about
her future.
·
Don clung to the side of the cliff looking down.
20. In addition to simple gerund and infinitive forms, there are progressive
gerund and infinitive forms, passive gerund and infinitive forms and perfect
gerund and infinitive forms as well as combinations of these forms. Progressive
forms are used to emphasize that an action is taking place now. Passive forms
are used to emphasize that the subject of the sentence is being acted upon.
Perfect gerund and infinitive forms are used to emphasize completion in both
the past and the future. Study the examples below to help understand these
concepts. To learn more about progressiveness, the passive voice and the
perfect aspect.
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